Properties And Uses Of Green Fluorescent Protein

Properties And Uses Of Green Fluorescent Protein Unique Green fluorescent protein has regular fluorescent properties which can be utilized in different applications. Mutagenesis of wild sort GFP gives variations that are broadly utilized as protein combination labels, as biomarkers, utilized in contemplating protein associations and limitation of signs. GFP variations have prompted mechanical headway in natural examinations, for example, FRET. In this survey, we will examine properties, uses, and variations of GFP created as of late. Presentation The green fluorescent protein was first seen by Shimomura et al in Aequoria victoria. He recommended 4-p-hydroxybenzylidine imidazoline-5 as its chromophore, which is engaged with the fluorescence action of GFP (Tsien 1998). The statement of this quality was later clarified by Chalfie et al (1994). The chromophore which is made of 3 buildups which are ser-tyr-gly (65-67) in the GFP protein makes the 4-p-hydroxybenzylidine imidazoline-5 structure later by post interpretation (Yang et al 1996). The structure of GFP as proposed by Tsien is Þâ ²-barrel with 11 stands. The chromophore lies in the focal point of the Þâ ²-barrel and is joined by means of alpha helix. The quantity of amino acids which make up the GFP is 238 (Tsien 1998). PROPERTIES AND USES OF GFP The wild kind GFP from Aequoria victoria has an excitation range of 395nm and 475nm (retains blue light) with an outflow pinnacle of 508nm and 503nm (most extreme) (radiate green light) separately (Tsien 1988). The GFP can be energized by UV lights just as fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) channels because of its unearthly range (Margolin 2000). The cloning and articulation of GFP quality has given the significant data of fluorophore blend in protein (Schwartz and Patterson 2006).The wild sort GFP overlays gradually to achieve dynamic fluorescent state(mature chromophore) (Margolin 2000).The amalgamation of fluorophore in GFP protein is an autocatalytic procedure. Mutagenesis of GFP tells that G67 is required for the fluorophore development. The center fluorophore from Renilla reniformis is indistinguishable from A.victoria. It shows an excitation of 498nm (Yang et al 1996). With the assistance of Mutagenesis variations of GFP were made, one of the point change was S65T which sped up fluorophore development. Different transformations Ala206-lys206, leu221-lys221, phe223-arg223 assisted with defeating GFP dimerization (Schwartz and Patterson 2006). There are 7 unmistakable classes of GFP variations dependent on chromophore segment which follows up on various absorbance and outflow spectra (Tsien 1998).The Enhanced GFP (EGFP) variation has S65T change (improves fluorophore development and brilliance), phe64-leu64 (mollifies affectability to temperature), and codon streamlining (articulation in mammalian cells), which makes it a valuable protein tag (Schwartz and Patterson 2006). Figure 1. The above chart shows the absorbance and emanation pinnacles of wtGFP and EGFP. The blue circles delineate the significant minor absorbance pinnacles of wtGFP and green circles show the single emanation pinnacle of wtGFP. The blue and green squares show the absorbance and outflow pinnacle of EGFP individually (Schwartz and Patterson 2006). There is an advancement in the improvement of cyan and yellow moved freaks (CFP and YFP) from A. victoria, which are pH delicate and adult quicker than wild kind (Chudakov et al 2005). Cerulean is a brilliant CFP created by Rizzo et al to utilize it in FRET based sensors for glucokinase initiation (2004). GFP freaks can be utilized as fluorescent markers for time free cell process. At the point when freaks of GFPs are immobilized in circulated air through watery polymer gels and are energized at 488nm, they show rehashed patterns of fluorescent discharge (squints a few seconds). Consequently, they are likewise utilized as sub-atomic switches on optical capacity components (Dickson 1997). Elowitz et al (1997) found that photoactivation of GFP happens in nearness of low oxygen. Among a few photoactivatable proteins, PA-GFP (thr203-his203) from A. victoria was the primary which have 100-overlap increment green fluorescence at 517nm. KFP1 is an as of late created variation acquired from Anemonia sulcate which can be illuminated in reversible just as irreversible ways upon green light (Chudakov 2005). The plasmid vectors which are utilized to communicate proteins in microscopic organisms use GFP combination articulation framework. Various proteins associated with cell division process in E. coli have been intertwined with GFP and communicated by lac advertiser (Margolin 2000). GFP combined with Dictostelium myosin cells was utilized to contemplate the myosin action. The declaration of GFP myosin combined protein demonstrated that myosin is engaged with cytokinesis and advancement of Dictostelium discoideum ( Moores et al 1995) GFP is shielded from photobleaching by its unbending shell. Certain freaks are made by arbitrary mixes and coordinated mutagenesis (Kasprzak 2007). Significant changes in fluorescence can be gotten by building the phosphorylation locales under characterized conditions. FLIP (fluorescence misfortune in photobleaching) and FRAP (fluorescence recuperation subsequent to photobleaching) are fluorescence imaging procedures are use to contemplate protein energy, which is performed by photobleaching (Baker et al 2010). GFP alongside these procedures is use to examine hole intersections diverts in living cells. FRET (fluorescence reverberation vitality move) is the most widely recognized innovation used to make biochemically touchy GFP variations. In this quantum mechanical marvel, the emanation ranges of two close by fluorophores cover the excitation range of one another (one goes about as a benefactor and the different as acceptor). It is likewise used to examine the separation between protein deposits and observing engine developments (actin or microtubules). The chromophores of GFP are named as giver and acceptor and are connected with engine proteins. There are 3 methodologies to be specific, single pair atom FRET (spFRET), Luminescence reverberation vitality move (LRET), and transient FRET estimations (Kasprzak 2007). Figure 2. Picture demonstrating the utilization of GFP as combination tag (center), advertiser actuation (left) and protein communications by utilizing FRET (right). The bright proteins utilized in FRET are appeared by shaded barrels and target proteins as dark and dark ovals (Chudakov 2005). Miyawaki et al (1997) developed markers, which they called cameleons, for checking Ca+ flags in organelles and cytosol. The cameleons were made by utilizing blue/cyan transmitting GFP freaks, calmodulin, calmodulin restricting peptide and blue/green producing GFP. They utilized the FRET technique. Abad et al (2004) built up a figment of GFP that is utilized as a test for contemplating changes in mitochondrial lattice pH. End In outline, there are wide variations of GFP utilized in different applications. The variations permit multicolour naming of cells for location. It has given new point of view in fluorescent imaging methods, for example, FRET, FLIP, and FRAP. Observing advertiser action and limitation of signs have gotten more straightforward by the utilization of GFPs.

Strategic Analysis free essay sample

School of the board University of Bradford Model code: MAN0208M A Strategic Analysis of AXA Industries: Insurance/Financial Services Word Count: 2314 (excluding Tables or Executive Summary) Executive Summary This report has to do with the examination concerning AXA insurance agency including inside investigation, outer vital examination and system definition. It is intended to break down the entire association and make proposals identified with the issues. AXA is a French worldwide speculation, retirement and protection gathering. The AXA Group includes five working business fragments: Life Savings, Property Casualty, International Insurance (counting reinsurance), Asset Management and Other Financial Services. This report is centered around AXA protection. The primary examination approach is to utilize the reading material as an optional asset to break down the particular hypothesis about PESTLE investigation and Porters Five Forces investigation. Simultaneously, some helpful sources as auxiliary data are looked into from the Internet and some expert hypothesis about outer and inner examination and procedure definition originate from library books. Through the examination, there are four primary parts related, however each part has nitty gritty substance around various subjects. The initial segment will present the organization outline. PESTLE investigation, industry life cycle, Porters Five Forces examination and key contenders will be presented in the subsequent part. From that point forward, the report will show inward investigation including esteem chain and SWOT examination. At long last, the part will concentrate on technique definition and making proposals separately. After a full key investigation of both the outside and inner variables influencing the business, plainly there are key drivers in the business sectors. These drivers are clients need, separated items and snappy reaction to new innovation. Shoppers are getting more value delicate and anxious to find the best arrangements available. These are the zones that the business needs to concentrate on and create later on. In view of the discoveries of this report, obviously AXA has a predominant situation in the market. Anyway there are a couple of focuses could be improved, and benefits could be conceivably expanded if the business actualized various suggestions. The proposals are to proceed with the venture into worldwide markets, improve and build up its items, grow increasingly complete promoting frameworks and contemplate new innovation. Completing these proposals would bring about having a bigger buyer base and an expansion in benefits. Watchwords: External and Internal Analysis, Strategy Formulation, Recommendations Contents Executive Summary 2 1 Company Summary 4 1. 1 Company Background 4 1. 2 Current Market Position 4 1. 3 Current Financials 4 2 External Strategic Analysis 4 2. 1 PESTLE Analysis PESTLE Analysis Conclusion 5 2. 2 Industry Growth/Life Cycle 6 2. 3 Porters Five Forces Analysis 7 2. 3. 1 Porters Five Forces Analysis Conclusion 8 2. 4 Key Competitors 9 2. 4. 1 Pricing Decision 9 3 Internal Analysis 9 3. 1 Value Chain Analysis 9 3. 1. 1 Value Chain Analysis Conclusion 10 3. 2 SWOT Analysis 10 4 Trends 11 5 Strategy Formulation 11 5. 1 The BCG development share lattice 12 5. 2 Corporate systems 12 6 Conclusions 13 7 Recommendations 13 8 References 14 9 Appendices 16 List of Tables and Figures Fig. 1 Current Financials 4 Fig. 2 PESTLE Analysis of AXA 5 Fig. 3 The Industry Life Cycle Model 6 Fig. 4 Porters 5 Forces Model 7 Fig. 5 Pricing Decision 9 Fig. 6 Value Chain Analysis 9 Fig. 7 SWOT Analysis 11 Fig. 8 The BCG development share framework 11 Fig. 9 Statistics about normal protection burn through 16 Fig. 10 Key Competitors 17 Fig. 11 Pricing Analysis 20 Fig. 12 AXA budget summary 21 1. Organization Summary Company Name: AXA Industry: Financial administrations Type of Business: Societe Anonyme Owner: Henri de Castries Number of nations AXA introduced: 57 Number of Employees: 160,000 1. 1 Background AXA protection, a French association is possessed and worked by the AXA Group, whose as of now served region is around the world. As indicated by the yearly report, the fundamental operational exercises include five diverse business sections to be specific Life Savings, Property Casualty, International Insurance (counting reinsurance), Asset Management and other Financial Services (counting banks). AXA is one of the most celebrated brands being a worldwide organization concentrating fundamentally on protection. Their administrations have likewise extended, with a scope of protection accessible to purchase. The principle perspectives are close to home and business protection. To be progressively explicit, individual protection includes vehicle, pet, home, travel protection and business protection incorporates Employers’ obligation protection, Public risk, Commercial proprietor protection, etc. In addition, there are different sorts of protection which are shop protection, Fleet and haulage protection and so forth 1. 2 Current Market Position AXA Group Market Capital: ? 43. 46 billion. (Yippee, 2013) Investments from protection exercises: â‚ ¬605,823 million. (AXA, 2013) Average protection spend per Head in UK: 4475 US dollar for every capital (OECD, 2012). It would be ideal if you see Appendix 1 for the insights about various countries’ normal protection spend. 1. 3 Current Financials Figure 1: Current Financials of AXA. AXA Insurance ( in euro million) AXA Group ( in euro million) Total Revenue 84926 90,126 Total Asset 51298 761,849 2. Outer Strategic Analysis the earth is the thing that gives associations their methods for endurance. In the private part, fulfilled clients are what keep an association in business; in the open area, it is government, customers, patients or understudies that commonly assume a similar job. Nonetheless, the earth is likewise the wellspring of dangers. Condition change can be deadly for associations. ( Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008) The PESTEL model can be utilized to assist us with recognizing these issues and see how they may influence AXA’s achievement. 2. 1. PESTEL Analysis Figure 2: PESTEL Analysis of AXA Political Economic Social - Legislation (on tax collection and business law) - Relations among government and the association Government is expanding its subsidizing to the business and facilitating guidelines for work. - Foreign Trade guidelines Economic conditions have the most elevated effect on a business, paying little mind to what exchange it is in. Complete GDP and GDP per head - Customer consumption and dispensable earnings level - Unemployment - Currency vacillations and trade rates - Cyclicality (phase of business cycle) - Stock market patterns - Shift in qualities and culture (Buying propensities) - Change in demeanor to way of life More and more individuals are purchasing protection. Their perspectives toward work, relaxation, vocation and retirement have changed. - Education and Healthcare People are giving an expanding consideration to their wellbeing. - Family size and structure - Age circulation and future rates Technology Environment Legal - Social Media The online life blast has offered the open door for expanding connection with the purchasers. - New licenses and items Due to the new age in innovation, organizations have totally grown new items. - Identify look into activities These variables can influence AXA, however not altogether change its exchange and benefit design. The explanation is that these components influence farming business substantially more legitimately. - Competition law - Employment and security law - Government approach (exchange control, taxes) 2. 1. 1 PESTEL Analysis Conclusion PESTEL is a principal device of making market arrangement and methodology. PESTEL investigation has two essential capacities for an organization. The first is that it permits distinguishing proof of the earth inside which the organization works. The subsequent fundamental capacity is that it gives information and data that will empower the organization to anticipate circumstances and conditions that it may experience in future. (Yuksel, 2012) The key factors that impact the organization are: The demeanor towards protection. In spite of the progressions that have occurred since 2005 the shortcoming of authentic and the monetary emergency that obliterated such a large amount of the estimation of the UK money related administrations industry the UK protection showcase remains the biggest In Europe and the third biggest on the planet. In 2005, 2007 and 2009, overview respondents were generally intrigued by helpful protection spread in 2009, 72. 4% of respondents concurred that they will utilize the most advantageous intends to get protection spread, up from 70. 8% of respondents in 2005, yet down from 83. 7% in 2007. The overview uncovers that buyers remain unequivocally impacted by the notoriety of back up plans, while the job of intermediaries stays imperative to them. New contestants to the market for direct protection have been acknowledged by buyers however just to a constrained degree. (Keynote,2013) Disposable livelihoods level On the off chance that individuals have increasingly extra cash, they have progressively inclinations to spend more to live easily and buying costly items which at last lead them guaranteed more secure. Expendable livelihoods level changes the manner in which individuals live. Taking everything into account, AXA is a very entrenched organization. By doing PESTEL examination, the organization can modify its procedures in different market from different sections perspective. Along these lines, AXA can consider every contingency and will consistently be an innovator in money related administrations. 2. 2 Industry Growth/Life Cycle The idea of corporate methodology will change as businesses move along the existence cycle. To investigate the vital ramifications, it is helpful to begin by distinguishing what stage an industry has reached as far as its turn of events. For each phase in the cycle, there are some normally acknowledged procedures. (Lynch, 2006) Figure 3: The Industry Life Cycle model (Lynch, 2006) Traditionally, insurance agencies, regardless of whether they center around life, wellbeing, or property and loss, have not exhibited a critical level of imagination or inventiveness in their item contributions, and have been generally delayed to react to new market oppo

Thomas Jeffersons Actions vs. Beliefs - Free Essay Example

Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican who served as the third president of the United States. While many people believed in a strong central government, Thomas Jefferson believed the opposite. As a founder of the Democratic-Republican party, he believed that most of a countrys political power should reside in the state and the federal governments abilities should be as limited as possible. While many agreed that the federal government was free to overlook the constitution in order to accomplish their goals, Jefferson believed in a strict translation of the constitution, regardless of what the federal government desired. He valued individual liberties, states rights and equality. However, once he became president, Jefferson was not persistent in abiding by his true beliefs and ideologies. Occasionally, he would disregard the constitution in order to achieve what he felt were his presidential duties. Although his actions as president did not reflect his political views, Thomas Jefferson felt it was necessary to abandon his personal beliefs in order to serve the people and do whats best for the country. Thomas Jefferson was a strict constructionist. He believed that rather than interpreting the constitution liberally, the government should base their actions on the terms specifically stated. In other words, the government doesnt have any powers beyond what is written. The constitution was created to protect the peoples rights and prevent any governmental power from becoming too strong. Therefore, if the government disobeys the constitution, they would be abusing their power by failing to completely protect the peoples rights. In 1798, John Adams passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were four federalist-based laws. The Alien and Sedition Acts permitted the deportation of foreigners, unauthorized protesting the government, and made it difficult for foreigners to vote. When Thomas Jefferson realized that Congress was completely violating the constitution, he wrote The Kentucky Resolution, attacking these laws and the government. In these resolutions, Jefferson explained that Congr ess was exercising power not explicitly granted to them in the constitution. By passing an act that forbade public opposition to the government, Congress was violating the first amendment, freedom of speech. Jefferson knew that if the government continued to pass unconstitutional acts, they would become too powerful. He was anti a strong central government because he feared tyranny and believed that the wishes of the people should guide the country. These resolutions emphasized Jeffersons firm belief in dominant states rights and strictly abiding by the terms in the constitution. Nonetheless, when elected as president in 1801, Jefferson did not always base his actions on a literal interpretation of the constitution. Though he did not uphold his personal beliefs, one of Jeffersons achievements as president was the Louisiana Purchase. In France, Napoleon led his French Army on a campaign to conquer land. He needed money to fund his battles and decided to sell Louisiana because this land was no longer of importance to him. During Jeffersons presidency, Napoleon offered the Louisiana Purchase to the United States in exchange for 15 million dollars, cheap for over 800,000 square miles of land. Jefferson and Congress agreed to this offer and ultimately purchased the territory. However, the constitution does not specifically permit the executive branch to buy land from a foreign nation. Jefferson was a strong believer in interpreting the constitution literally and agreed that a governments actions should be strictly based on the constitution. Thus, buying this land countered his personal beliefs. Also, Jefferson discussed passing an amendment to authorize the purchase with congress, proving his decisio n to buy the territory was unconstitutional. Although acquiring the Louisiana Purchase contradicted his political views, Jeffersons duty as president was to serve the people. Jefferson felt his responsibility was to buy the land because it benefited the people in many ways. The Louisiana Purchase was the area of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. This land was very important to many people, especially farmers, because they were reliant on access to the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans to obtain money by trading goods and crops. Additionally, this land doubled the size and strength of the country, creating 13 new states. Western expansion was important to Jefferson and buying this land both achieved his personal goals and benefited the people. While he did not uphold his personal beliefs, the Louisiana Purchase was considered one of Jeffersons greatest accomplishments. Similar to the Louisiana Purchase, Jeffersons actions were contrary to his beliefs on slavery. He opposed slavery, yet as president he was a slave owner, had an affair with a slave, and did nothing to eliminate slavery. However, he believed in equal rights and attempted to abolish slavery before he became president. In 1776 when he was appointed to write the Declaration of Independence, Jeffersons job as author was to explain the values and principles of the upcoming country. One of his most famous quotes from the Declaration is all men are created equal. By writing all men, Jefferson was referring to all men, regardless of their race and social status. He also added an anti-slavery clause to the document, but it was then removed from the final Declaration. Even as governor of Virginia, Jefferson passed a law that prohibited importing slaves because he believed it would lead to ultimately abolishing slavery in the state. In 1781, Jefferson wrote a book called Notes on the State of Vi rginia in order to answer peoples questions about the state. In this book, he openly criticized slavery to an extreme. Jefferson explained that he opposed slavery and wished to abolish it for good. He believed that slavery was a moral problem because it demeaned the slave owners more than the slaves because the slave owners were disobeying peoples natural rights to freedom and liberty. While Jefferson denounced slavery and attempted to abolish it before presidency, he enslaved over 600 people. He worked for many years on a plantation at Monticello and enslaved many families there. Additionally, he had a relationship with Sally Hemings, a slave of his, and had six children with her. Although he opposed slavery, Jefferson felt it was necessary for the country to have slaves. Selling slaves and slave labor helped Jefferson pay back country debt and ultimately reduce the debt by 30 percent. Additionally, most of the countrys economy was dependent on agriculture, and slave labor enhanced Americas cultivation. By upholding his beliefs, Jefferson wouldnt be able to save the country from extreme debt. Thus, during the countries financial collapse, he had to sell slaves for the good of the country. He put aside his personal beliefs of equality in order to help the country grow and prosper. Another example of Jeffersons political views conflicting with his actions was when he sent the American fleet to fight the Barbary pirates, known as the Barbary wars. The Barbary pirates were a group of people from North Africa who would often raid merchant ships and hold people for ransom. The pirates would then demand tribute, a large payment, from a country in exchange for stopping their attacks. Before the American Revolution, the US did not have to worry about Barbary pirates attacking their ships because Great Britain would pay the tribute to the Barbary states for them. However, once America became independent, the British no longer had to protect the states and they stopped paying the tribute to the pirates. America became an easy target in the eyes of the Barbary pirates and they were forced to pay the expensive tribute to them. However, once Jefferson became president, he stopped paying the tribute in order to stand up to the pirates. Since they did not pay the pirates, th e Pasha of Tripoli, a Barbary State, declared war on the United States in May, 1801. In response, Jefferson sent the American navy to Tripoli in order to blockade the state. When he sent the navy into Tripoli, there was no vote in congress that permitted him to do so. According to the Constitution, Congress has the power to declare war, not the executive branch. Therefore, by dispatching the American squadron without the official permission of congress, Jefferson was loosely abiding by the terms in the Constitution. Although he was not upholding his belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, Jefferson felt it was his duty as president to put an end to the Barbary conflict. The Barbary states were urging the US to pay tremendous tribute to them, draining the county of money. If they did not pay tribute, the Barbary states would destroy their merchant ships and imprison many American citizens, attempting to terminate the countrys trading business. Jefferson made a bold dec ision on his own to send in American ships to Tripoli because he believed this would save the countrys commerce. His job as president was to do whats best for the country, despite what he personally believed. Finally, by passing the Embargo Act in 1807, Jefferson did not adhere to his personal political beliefs. During Jeffersons presidency, Britain and France were at war. In order to prevent British success, France restricted the US from trading with Britain by seizing Americas merchant ships if they carried British goods. Britain retaliated by using the same technique as France. They began to hinder US trade with France by conquering American merchant ships. They then passed a decree that required other countries to pay them before trading in Europe. However, the US was a neutral country and did not want any part of the war. In response, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, prohibiting trade with any foreign country. However, this act was contrary to Jeffersons beliefs. The Constitution specifically says that the governments job is to regulate trade with other countries. By prohibiting US merchant ships from sailing to other countries ports, Jefferson eliminated all trade completely. He di d not stand by the requirements of regulating the countrys trade stated in the Constitution. Also, he passed additional harsh laws, penalizing people who did not obey the act. Many people couldnt make money because their jobs were reliant on trade. Though he did not abide by the Constitution, Jefferson believed cutting off all trade would stop the countries from seizing their merchant ships. He did not want the US, a neutral country, to be caught in the middle of the Napoleonic wars. By depriving Britain and France from American goods and trade, Jefferson reasoned that the countries would immediately refrain from attacking their ships. He took this action because he believed it would ultimately benefit the countrys commerce and show other countries that they cannot disrespect the US without consequences. Despite loosely upholding the constitution, Jefferson intended to protect and assist the American people in the best way possible. Jeffersons decisions as president did not always reflect his political views, but his decisions were made to fulfill his job. A presidents responsibility is to serve the citizens of the country, in spite of personal interests. Taking on the yoke of presidency required Jefferson to suspend his personal beliefs for the countrys best interests. Though he was a strict constructionist and believed in strong states rights, Jefferson exercised federal power in order to achieve his political goals. He felt it was necessary to carry out loose construction and centralize his power in order to accomplish whats best for the country. Jefferson knew that abiding by his personal beliefs would not be good for the country as a whole. He concluded that his political views were not what the country needed to thrive, so he made decisions that went against the grain of who he was. Though Jefferson wanted to uphold his political views, he understood that disobeying them would best fulfill the countrys nee ds. Taking on the responsibility of serving the people can cause a president to make decisions that conflict their beliefs. When Abraham Lincoln was president during the Civil War, he felt it was his duty to ensure the Unions triumph and pass the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves. However, in order to achieve this goal, he removed the writ of Habeas Corpus without Congress permission, disobeying the Constitution. Habeas corpus gave anyone who was arrested the right to a judge before they went to jail. This law induced rebellion because people were not worried about being unlawfully arrested. Therefore, during this time of war, Lincoln felt it was necessary to suspend this law because it limited peoples rights to be brought before a judge, suppressing southern rebellion. Though he did not uphold the Constitution and took away power from the legislative branch, he felt it was necessary in order to help the country win the war. Lincoln wanted to unify the country and revolts from the South prevented unification. He believed removing Habeas Corpus would keep the nation together. Lincoln strayed away from presidential requirements to protect the greater good of the country and ultimately succeeded. Just like Jefferson, Lincoln disregarded the terms stated in the Constitution because his job as president was to serve the people. In order to best accommodate and benefit the people, Lincoln went beyond his scope of authority. Before presidency, Lincoln believed in supporting the constitut ion and literally abiding by it. However, when he realized overlooking the terms benefited the country, he took a bold action and defied the constitution. When presidents take on the responsibility of assisting the people, they stray away from personal interests and requirements in order to accomplish whats best for the country. Bibliography Barbary Wars, Office of the Historian. Accessed November 21, 2018. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/barbary-wars Commander in Chief: Barbary Pirates, Bill of Rights Institute. Accessed November 21, 2018. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/educate/educator-resources/lessons-plans/presidents-constitution/barbary-pirates/ Dueholm, James A. Lincolns Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus: An Historical and Constitutional Analysis, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 29, no. 2 (2008): 47-66. Accessed November 29, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.2629860.0029.205 Jeffersonian Ideology. UShistory.org. Accessed October 24, 2018. https://www.ushistory.org/us/20b.asp Jefferson, Thomas. The Kentucky Resolutions. Passed November 16, 1798. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1997. The Alien and Sedition Acts. UShistory.org. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.ushistory.org/us/19e.asp Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1964. Thomas Jeffersons Monticello. Thomas Jefferson, A Brief Biography. Accessed November 6, 2018. https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jeffersons-attitudes-toward-slavery#footnote5_lrhx23e Yon, Richard. The American Presidents. Edited by Frank N. Magill. California: Salem Press, 1964.

Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults. Essay - 1210 Words

Should juveniles be tried as adults? Some people disagree and others agree. Juveniles can be tired as adults committing crimes such as a DUI,minor in possession,robbery,rape,murder and any other crimes committed by an adult. The juveniles can be punished under the juvenile law. The juvenile law states that although most states try juveniles crime cases in juvenile court when the offenders is younger than 18, a few states have younger cutoffs (Juvenile Law). The treatment and successful reintegration of youth into society are the primary goals of the juvenile justice system, along with overall public safety (Juvenile Justice System). There are eight steps the juvenile justice process generally goes through which is†¦show more content†¦Some teens dont know that its wrong but that still doesnt mean its right. So they must suffer the consequences. If the teens dont have consequences, they will go on thinking its right and continue to do wrong. In most cases teenagers today dont fear the law because they dont think they will get caught. Trust my word, I know because Im a teen and I know how we think. Even if they do get caught, some of them know they have a chance of getting off because they wont be tried as an adult. Still wanting to know the answer to my question; should juveniles be tried as adults? In THE CASE of Edward D. Laurel, who is sixteen years old faces a trial January 18,2010 in Sedgwick County District Court. He faces the charges of first degree murder and criminal discharge of a firearm. He killed a 13 year old Wichita boy; who was gunned down last summer when he went to his door by Edward. He will now stand trial as an adult. Laurel and three others was charged June 20,2010 of the shooting of thirteen year old Miguel Andrade Martinez. At the answering of the door fourteen shots were fired, several shots hitting Miguel. All of this because a fight weeks earlier. The police arrested Laurel shortly after the shooting. November 18,2010, a judge ruled that Laurel would be tried as an adult. Gregory Patton has testified that Laurel and another defendant Eli Bentancourt were armed that morning. Gregory seen Laurel and Bentancourt get out the car and walkShow MoreRelatedShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?1017 Words   |  4 Pagesto be growing up earlier as the years go by. Serious crimes committed by juveniles have stayed pretty much the same in the last twenty years, but that is not to say people have not concluded differently. A thanks to laws passed in the ninety’s and more specifically between ninety two and ninety seven, It is easier to try juveniles as adults in the court system. There are multiple pros and cons to juveniles being tried as adult. These arguments range from a crime is a crime to they are not mentallyRead MoreShould Juveniles be tried as Adults?2030 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: SHOULD JUVENILES BE TRIED AS ADULTS? Should Juveniles be tried as Adults? Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? The law states that any person under the age of 18 is classified to be a juvenile and when they commit a crime they are tried in the juvenile court system. Although this is true with most cases there are times when the state will allow youths under the age of 18 to be tried as adults. This differs from state to state as eachRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?4864 Words   |  20 PagesShould juveniles be tried as adults? In my opinion I think they should because when you turn a certain age, you gain certain privileges. â€Å"You achieve certain rewards such as voting rights, the ability to purchase a house, the ability to purchase tobacco products at the local gas station, but most importantly the ability to be held responsible for your actions. When you turn 18 a whole other world opens for you, and that’s because an 18-year-old is considered an adult in nearly every state, whichRead MoreShould A Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pag esevery day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one for the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent that the family is unable to recognize the victim or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be held accountable for their actions? At what ageRead MoreJuveniles Should Be Tried As Adults1964 Words   |  8 Pagescommit an adult crime then you should be charged as an adult as well. Teenagers should be tried as adults for the violent crimes that they commit. In today’s generation, there are a lot of crimes taking place. Adults aren’t the only ones that are committing the crimes, teenagers are as well. If you are old enough to do the crime, you are old enough to do the time. Juveniles should be responsible for their own actions and they should be held accountable for the decisions they make. Juveniles do violentRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1497 Words   |  6 PagesWhether juveniles should be tried as adults in the justice system or not, has been an ongoing debate for many people. There has been many cases throughout time where people under the age of 18 have been tried as adults in the justice system. Information about this debate can be found in articles, novels, and podcasts. Typically people who are under the age of 18 are identified as a juvenile delinquent and go through different procedures after committing a crime. There is many examples and evidenceRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1494 Words   |  6 Pages Juveniles should not be tried as adults because it is proven that children are incapable of making a rational, mature decision on their own. Adolescents have a shorter experience in the world, their brains are still developing, they do not have the same responsibilities or rights as adults and they are easily influenced at this age. Let s say a child around the age of twelve is playing with two other friends at his house. His mother and father both work constantly so these children are alone.Read MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?2843 Words   |  12 PagesUnder most state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crimes. They commit delinquent acts, some of which are acts that would constitute crimes if committed by an adult. The trial phase of a juvenile case is an adjudication hearing.(Should juveniles be tried as adults? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120602234650AAayOa2) This means that the judge listens to evidence presented and make the determination on whether the child is delinquent.The courtRead MoreShould Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesA Juvenile Delinquent Heinous crimes are committed every day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one of the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent the family is unable to recognize the victim, or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be

Why The Courts Can Not Deem An Act Of Parliament - 2336 Words

In light of the above statement by Lord Reid, it is evident that UK courts do not have the power to strike down an act of parliament as unconstitutional due to a variety of factors. Having a political constitution in the UK the efficiency of the Government overpowers the strict separation of powers and upholds the sovereignty of parliament, leading to the courts being unable to go beyond the power of Parliament and striking down acts that are unconstitutional. Majorly unlike that of the legal constitution of the United States, who allow the courts to strike down any Act they deem unconstitutional. This essay will look at the why the courts cannot deem an act of parliament unconstitutional in comparison to that of the United States.†¦show more content†¦Parliamentary supremacy is a fundamental aspect in the UK’s unwritten constitution, whereby it can be argued that parliament has no limits to the exercise of power. Pickin v British Railways Board highlights the suprema cy of Parliament constitutionally â€Å"The idea that a court is entitled to disregard a provision in an Act of Parliament on any ground must seem strange and startling to anyone with any knowledge of the history and law of our constitution† This case shows fundamentally how the Judiciary has no powers to disregard and Act of parliament. The history and law of our constitution portrays the point that parliament is supreme; historically the judiciary’s role has never allowed them to question any parliamentary proceeding as the Bill of Rights set out in 1688. However even in modern day times the prospect of Parliamentary Sovereignty is regarded as Lord Steyn states in Regina (Jackson and others) v Attorney General â€Å"Supremacy of Parliament is still the general principle of our constitution† Showing how even up to present day, Parliamentary Sovereignty is regarded as a strong principle within our constitution. Showing how our principles within a political co nstitution, does not allow judges to overrule an act of Parliament

Mental Health and Mood Disorders

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health and Mood Disorders. Answer: Introduction Mental illness is used to describe many behavioral disorders and mental health problems which vary in duration and severity. The most common mental illness includes depression, anxiety as well as substance abuse disorders. In Australia, the Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing which began in the 1990s give evidence on the prevalence of mental illness, comorbidity, its associated disability, and the available health services for people with mental problems (MHSA, 2016). According to the National Institute of Health 2016, depression is a common and a serious disorder that causes severe symptoms which affect the way a person thinks, feel and handle day to day activities such as working, sleeping and eating. Diagnosis for depression depends on symptoms that last for more than two weeks. In this essay, depression, and related mental disorder; suicide is comprehensively discussed based on the first scenario. Mental Illness and Depression Mental illness is a common disease in Australia. Black Dog Institute (2012) indicates that every year, about 20% Australians between the ages 16 to 85 suffer from a mental illness. The three common disorders depression, anxiety as well as use of the substance of abuse a lot occur in combination. Among the 20% of people with mental illness in Australia, 11.5% have experienced one disorder while 8.5% have at least two disorders. Depression is the third highest disease burden in Australia at 13.3%. It is the leading cause of disability in Australia at 24% (Black Dog Institute, 2012). Interestingly, there has been an upward trend in prevalence of depression in Australia. This disorder affected people between the ages 45-54 years old. In an extended period study between 1998 to 2008, Goldney, Eckert, Hawthorne Taylor (2010) reported a significant rise in prevalence of depression from 6.8% to 10.3%. In this study, there was a substantial increase in males of age between 15 to 29 and between 30 to 49 years in females. However, the study did not show any significant increase among other subgroups. In this study, Goldney et al., (2010) reports that health status as the primary predictor of depression in Australia. In another study by Mitchell et al., (2011), the prevalence of all types of depression, when combined, was 24.6%, and all kinds of mood disorders were 29.0%. In this study, there was no the consistent correlates of depression were few. Also there no effects of sex, age and clinical settings in depression cases. Wood et al., (2012) reports 18.5% prevalence among patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. In the study, he indicates that anxiety fatigue and depression cluster together and are common in people with multiple sclerosis; findings which are vital for managing individuals with multiple sclerosis and in the study of the involved biological pathways. Luppa et al., (2012) also indicates the prevalence rate of depression at 4.6% to 9.3% in a study of gender and age specific study of depression in elderly. Prevalence of Suicide In addition to about thirty people attempt suicide, more than six people die from suicide in Australia every day. Though suicide is only about 1.6% of deaths in Australia, it does not contribute to the bigger percentage of deaths in particular age groups. Men are highly exposed to the risk of committing suicide, though they are less likely to seek help. Out of the suicide-related deaths in 2010, men accounted for three-quarters 76.9%. In addition to men, other categories such as indigenous Australians, transgender people, children and individuals who live in remote and rural areas have a greater risk of suicide (Black Dog Institute, 2012). According to the Bureau of Statistics 2015, the highest age-related suicide deaths among male in 2013 occurred in people with at least 85 years. In this group, 38 out of 100, 000 people died of suicide. The second group with the high rate of age-related suicide belong to the 40 to 44 year age group. In this category, 25 out of 100,000 males died of suicide. However, lowest percentages were observed in men belonging to the 15-19 age groups. Prevalence in female was highest among the 40-44 age group and lowest rate observed among 80-84 age groups. Causes of Edwards mental state and Depression Based on the issued highlighted in scenario A, it is evidently clear that Edward is suffering from depression and other mental disorders. According to the National Institute of Mental Health 2016, certain symptoms are associated with depression. These include anxiety, persistent mood, pessimism, guilt, and irritability, reduced interest in activities, decreased energy, slow speech, difficulty sleeping, weight loss, pains and thoughts of suicide. In this scenario, Edward is seen to present with most of these symptoms. Among the symptoms seen in Edward include; thoughts about suicide, unexplained weight loss of about 6kilos. He also experiences difficulty in sleeping as he wakes up early at four in the morning, reduced energy that caused inability to work in the field leading to low productivity, hopelessness, feeling of guilt because of failure to attend his father and mother's funerals. Edward is anxiously waiting to meet his younger brother and sister who live in Malta. Based on the se features, it is clear that Edward is depressed. Depression is caused by a combination of factors. These factors can be genetical, environmental and stress at school, work or home. According to Ekanayake, Ahmad Mckenzie (2012), family and relationships, socioeconomic factors, culture and migration are causes of depression. In their study, they also indicate domestic abuse, interpersonal problems and marital problems in the family as the primary cause of depression. That said, in this scenario, Edward seem to have stress emanating from many factors. To begin with, emotional distress arising from the death of his son, Thomas. Since Thomas committed suicide by poisoning himself with carbon monoxide, Edward is left wondering what might have prompted him to take his life. Due to his old age, he cannot work in the field as before, a situation which has resulted to low produces and loss of business. Poor self-esteem is a possible cause of Edwardss depression. The fact that Collins decided to move and stay in Sydney and leave his fathers farm is an indication of the ununited family. Edwards think that he, his wife and his son are socially apart. Also, anxiety might have caused the depression in Edward. Having failed to attend his parents funeral and his dire need to meet his two siblings in Malta stress him a lot thus causing the depression. One ethical issue arising from this scenario is the act of suicide by Edwardss son and thoughts about suicide by Edward himself. According to Danaher (2014), there are four ethical frameworks that relate to ethics of suicide. First is the theological framework which bases its values on the ground of religious premises. A theist believes that we are Gods creation and deciding to end our lives is ethically wrong in that it violate Gods authority over us. Secondly, the libertarian framework views the ethics of suicide based on political and moral theory. Libertarians believe that we have legitimate authority over ourselves. Therefore we have the right to end our life if we wish. The third approach is based on the consequential framework which uses the consequences of suicide to judge whether it is a permissible or a forbidden act. However, one disadvantage of this context is its association with counterintuitive conclusions. Lastly, ethics of suicide is judge based on Kantian framework. It is a consequentialist approach that focuses on our personal duties to others in line with the concept of dignity. Danaher (2014) further indicates that in dealing with Edwards case, the nurse needs to adhere to the fundamental guiding principle. Which require psychologists to require that the client supported and their safety promoted while waiting for a better assessment of the patient's situation. Psychologists must address patients autonomy in the process of delivering their assistance. The particular ethical guiding principles for psychologist handling potential suicide clients need to ensure adequate protection of consumers rights, need to maintain patients confidentiality and avoid work beyond their professional competence as per the code of ethics. Another ethical issue is the possibility of leaking the information about the patients intent to commit suicide. This action can be unethical because the people who are mentally challenged require privacy and if they learn that their details are leaked to third parties may only worsen their situation. The legal aspect of suicide in Australia is a bit different compared to other countries. According to the Australian Criminal Code Amendment Act of 2005, attempt to commit suicide or committing suicide is not an offense in South Australia. However, assisting someone to commit suicide is a serious criminal offense. There the fact that Edward thinks of committing suicide is not punishable in the law court. We note that despite Edward having such thoughts, he doesnt know how to do it. If someone gives advice to him, then it becomes a criminal offense to the adviser. There are two categories of nursing problems identified in this scenario; first, the physical problems may include neglecting personal hygiene and inability to eat or drink. The risk associated with neglect of health includes dental caries, body odor and infections, infestations, development of low self-esteem and social rejection (Dean, 2011). The risk associated with the inability to eat or drink includes dehydration, constipation, loss of weight and general weakness. In this scenario, we choose exhaustion and loss of energy as a physical problem. Exhaustion is of particular concern because if not managed timely, it can deprive body energy hence risking the client's life. Secondly, there are psychological nursing problems associated with depression are connected to Edwards personality, circumstances environment, and relationships. Specific problems in depressed patients include hopelessness, guilt, anxiety and low self-esteem (Dean, 2011). According to this scenario, Edward admits that he had thoughts of suicide. This condition is particularly a psychological problem because if not managed well, the client may end up taking his life. Nursing interventions are essential for depressed patients because it helps to prevent the condition from worsening. Suffering from depression can affect a persons diet leading to loss of energy and exhaustion. This situation can threaten a patients life if not managed early enough. Lack critical nutrients may make people tired then run down (Lill, 2015). Malnutrition problems can be solved by providing for and encouraging the client to eat enough balanced food with plenty of vegetables and fruits. Energy giving foods such as carbohydrates should be given in appropriate amounts to provide energy. Second intervention required is to allow the patient enough rest and provide counseling. Depression is related to tension, anxiety, and stress. Relaxation is the best solution for stress. Encourage the patient to listen to relaxation tapes, yoga or read some interesting literature. Let the patient decide what the best relaxation method is for them. Giving enough rest and counseling allow hel ps to reassure the patient and ensure the patient regain strength. Depressed people may take their life through suicide. Having hinted of thoughts of suicide. Edward needs to be monitored closely to ensure he is as safe as possible. To begin with, proper risk assessment needs to be carried out to understand Edwardss situation before commencing ant treatment. This risk assessment is particularly important for it helps in the diagnosis of the problem and provision of appropriate help (Lill, 2015). To solve this problem, psychological therapy will be done. Guidance and counseling can help treat the patient from bad thoughts about suicide. Also provide social support. When people experience depression, they might feel no energy to socialize. This support will prevent the patient from negative thinking which might lead to suicide. Conclusion Summing up, indeed Edward is in depressive condition which requires urgent attention. Depression being the third highest prevalent medical condition in Australia, more need to be done to reduce the occurrence of cases. Suicide in particular is a serious cause of many deaths in Australia, and Edward being in this mental state, proper risk assessment on her condition need to be done to help after him assistance. It is worth noting that family issues right from the death of his younger son, relocation of his elder son to Sydney as well as his current poor performance in business is the cause of his depressive condition. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015). Causes of Death, Australia, 2013: Summary of Results, 3303.0, 2013. ABS: Canberra. Black Dog Institute. (2012, October). Facts and figures about mental health and mood disorders. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/docs/Factsandfiguresaboutmentalhealthandmooddisorders.pdf Criminal Code Amendment (Suicide Related Material Offences) Bill 2005 Parliament of Australia. (2005). Retrieved August 26, 2016, from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0405/05bd133 Danaher, J. (2014, May). The Ethics of Suicide: A Framework.Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7264-8_8 Dean, E. (2011). Major study shows nursing care benefits patients with depression.Nursing Standard,25(52), 8-8. doi:10.7748/ns.25.52.8.s10 Ekanayake, S., Ahmad, F., Mckenzie, K. (2012). Qualitative cross-sectional study of the perceived causes of depression in South Asian origin women in Toronto: Table 1.BMJ Open,2(1). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000641 Lill, S. (2015). Depression in Older Adults in Primary Care: An Integrative Approach to Care.Journal of Holistic Nursing,33(3), 260-268. doi:10.1177/0898010115569350 Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Luck, T., Ehreke, L., Konnopka, A., Wiese, B., Riedel-Heller, S. (2012). Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life Systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Affective Disorders,136(3), 212-221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.033 Mental Health Services in Australia (MHSA). (2016). Prevalence, impact and burden. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://mhsa.aihw.gov.au/background/prevalance/ Mitchell, A. J., Chan, M., Bhatti, H., Halton, M., Grassi, L., Johansen, C., Meader, N. (2011). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: A meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies.The Lancet Oncology,12(2), 160-174. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70002-x National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2016, May). Depression. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml Goldney, R. D., Eckert, K. A., Hawthorne, G., Taylor, A. W. (2010). Changes in the prevalence of major depression in an Australian community sample between 1998 and 2008.Aust NZ J Psychiatry Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,44(10), 901-910. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.490520 Wood, B., Mei, I. V., Ponsonby, A., Pittas, F., Quinn, S., Dwyer, T., Taylor, B. (2012). Prevalence and concurrence of anxiety, depression and fatigue over time in multiple sclerosis.Multiple Sclerosis Journal,19(2), 217-224. doi:10.1177/1352458512450351

The Legalization Of Marijuana Has Been A Long Debated Subject In Ameri Essay Example For Students

The Legalization Of Marijuana Has Been A Long Debated Subject In Ameri Essay ca since the 1970s. The pro-marijuana society in America has made several claims as to how marijuana can help cure or lessen the effect of some diseases and that by legalizing the drug; the use of pot will actually decline. The fact of the matter is that marijuana is a drug that can be placed into a similar category as cocaine or heroine. Like these other drugs, pot (marijuana) smoking carries with it serious side effects that can effect the user forever, and sometimes-even cause death. Marijuana was first cultivated in America during the colonial time period and was used as a fiber for rope and even clothing. The plant was not used for its psychoactive properties until 1910, when Mexican farmers began smuggling it across the boarder for poor black and Mexican workers in the Southern states (Abood Me 202). By the 1930s marijuana was widespread throughout the U.S., before the Federal Government in 1937 outlawed the use of it. However, marijuana use continued to spread, even with these restrictions and in 1970 the Controlled Substance Act was passed. This act basically categorized marijuana as being a harmful and addictive drug. Presently, marijuana use, especially among teenagers is on the rise once again. Pro-marijuana advocates must ask themselves the question that if marijuana is so great, why is it causing so much damage to the body? Marijuana is comprised of cured leaves and flower clusters from the hemp plant called Cannabis sativa. Cannabis sativa is known as a psychedelic drug because it creates a break from reality. The chemicals found in marijuana are actually much more harmful than chemicals found in other addicting drugs, such as those found in tobacco. The inhalation of any kind of smoke is unhealthy, whether it is in cigarettes or joints (marijuana). The particles found in the smoke of joints and cigarettes collect in the lungs and over time can cause damage. The marijuana plant has over 400 known chemicals that break down into some 4,000 when smok ed (Zweben Je 123). Only a few of these chemicals, such as THC, create the actual high that pot smokers look to for their enjoyment, but the many of the others are toxins, or poisons that have been proven to cause cancer. One such cancer-causing chemical is called a carcinogen. An average joint contains 30 monograms of carcinogen in comparison with an average cigarette, which contains only 21 monograms (Kleber 4). Carcinogen has been proven to break down a gene that controls the growth of cells and over time makes the lungs 70% more susceptible to lung cancer. The way that marijuana cigarettes are smoked- by inhaling and holding the smoke in the lungs creates an even greater risk for exposure to these poisonous chemicals. Other cases are quickly developing that show chronic marijuana users also develop mouth or larynx cancer. If such a drug can cause such devastating health problems, then why legalize it?Besides causing cancer, other long-term side effects can occur. Flu like sympto ms can occur that includes eating disorders, chronic bronchitis, and mood swings that may not dissipate for up to 18 months. There is also the psychological effect that marijuana has on the user. Many studies have shown that long time users who tried to quit could not do so, not necessarily because of a powerful withdrawal like that of crack cocaine, but because they missed the actual high that marijuana offered. The high is actually causing mental problems as well. Studies done have shown that pot smoking can cause short term memory loss, as well as creating a sort of fog in the mind of the user. More serious mental effects include depression and suicide. As one doctors journal stated: It is generally agreed that there is a progressive increase in depressed mood from abstainer to substance user and a corresponding increase in suicide attempts.(Berman 313) A final problem that marijuana poses is that it is considered a gateway drug. A gateway drug is one that leads to the use of hig her risk substances like cocaine. In a recent study, children (ages 12-17) were 266 times more likely to use cocaine after using gateway drugs then those who did not (Alaskans for a Drug Free Youth Summer). Promoting a drug that can potentially lead to the use of even worse drugs, is not the right way to go about fixing the problems of everyday America. .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 , .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .postImageUrl , .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 , .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:hover , .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:visited , .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:active { border:0!important; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:active , .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4 .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue373a18858c103b67ca28d228068d1f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: International Business Law, Go Essay We will write a custom essay on The Legalization Of Marijuana Has Been A Long Debated Subject In Ameri specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many pro-marijuana advocates are pushing for the legalization of marijuana strictly for medical purposes. They feel that through certain studies, marijuana can help improve patients with certain diseases. The idea that marijuana can do more good than harm has been proven a worthless theory. One obvious way marijuana can not be effective was explained earlier when it was stated that smoking marijuana could be harmful to the lungs as well as other parts of the body. The reality is that this is very true and was backed by William M. Bennett M.D., who is listed in the Best Doctors in America. He remarked that The idea of using smoked marijuana containing carcinogens as medicine, particularly for patients who have suppressed immune systems like those with aids, should be unthinkable. Thus, prior to considering marijuana, one must abide by the old edict, first do no harm' (Kleber 6). In looking at this from a governmental position, the FDA never complied with the theory that one can smoke a medication. The United States Court of Appeals backed the FDA in 1992, by deciding that marijuana is not a medicine (http://). Several alternatives have also been available to avoid the smoking of marijuana. Chemicals such as THC, that are said to be needed for medical purposes can be found in oral forms. Nasal sprays and suppositories are just some suggestions that anti-marijuana advocates are pushing. These alternatives allow the patient to receive the needed THC without taking in the thousands of harmful chemicals found by smoking marijuana, which would be much less harmful to the body of the patient. Overall, there is a multitude of legitimate facts, from a wide array of researchers and doctors that prove marijuana is harmful. Several questions must be answered if the legalization of marijuana is to be taken with any seriousness. What kind of marijuana would be legal and who would it pertain to? Would it only come from the government? If one says that marijuana should only be legal for a medical purpose than vehicular trauma and DUI problems could not only increase but also a medical marijuana defense could easily be used (http://). Medical users of marijuana could smoke the drug and then drive or operate some type of machinery. If an accident did occur, the user could justify the accident with a medical excuse. How will it effect a teen-age society that continues to have a no big deal attitude toward smoking pot? How can one say that marijuana smoking will decline if more and more people are using it, and more people have a laxidasical attitude toward its use? These questions ar e at the very least, difficult to answer. They prove that the American society is in no way ready to think about legalizing marijuana.