What are our expectations for the play to come Essay Example For Students

What are our expectations for the play to come? Essay By what means does Shakespeare establish the main themes and characters and engage his audience in the Prologue and Act 1 sc I of Romeo and Juliet? What are our expectations for the play to come? Romeo and Juliet is a perennial and universal play, tracking two young lovers, faced with adversity as they try to build they lives together, but inevitably end up dead because of their families ancient feud. Before we even meet Romeo in Act 1 sc I we know he is lovesick when his father and Benvolio are discussing him saying, so early walking did I see your son, he gladly fled from me, and shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out, showing that Romeo just wants to be by himself, he is avoiding his friends and just finding it hard to sleep. When we finally meet him the first thing he says is, is the day so young, showing that time is dragging for him. We are shown that love rules you when Romeo says that love should be so tyrannous and rough in proof! indicating that love has overwhelmed him and it has been afflicted on him. When Romeo says, Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast, we see love being presented as suffering and tragic. We see that Romeo has lost himself when he says I have lost myself, I am not here, this is not Romeo, hes some other where, and because he is speaking in the third person we see that he is longing to find himself. We will write a custom essay on What are our expectations for the play to come? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In his description of Rosaline, Romeo says, From Loves weak childish bow she lives uncharmed, showing that his love is not being returned. But we still have an expectation that Romeo will always love Rosaline, when he says, thou canst not teach me to forget, and so we dont expect that by the next act Romeo will be out of love with Rosaline and in love with Juliet. In Romeos riddle, this love fell I that fell no love in this, we see his ambivalence and his contradictory feelings. He uses the oxymoron, Do I live dead? showing that he has conflicting emotions. The sonnet spoken between Romeo and Juliet in Act 1 sc 5 in which Romeo says, holy shrine and blushing pilgrims shows that they are devoted to each other and it also shows Romeos worship of Juliet and courtly love. In the Princes speech we have lots of imagery such as, neighbour-stained steel and, purple fountains issuing from your veins, showing that their fighting is destructive and that the feud is ancient. When we first meet Tybalt we know that he is going to cause trouble when he says, what, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee, showing that he is provocative and Shakespeares use of tripling emphasises that he is a menace and he really looks down at the Capulets. We know that Romeo hates the fighting when he says, yet tell me not, which shows he doesnt want to know about the fighting and we have the fact that he is not involved in the first fight scene but ironically he still dies. We see there is animosity between the Capulets and the Montagues when the Prince says, thrice disturbed the quiet of our streets, showing that it has happened more than once and it is very unlikely that Romeo and Juliet will ever get together. We see a twist in Act 3 sc I when Romeo says, away to heaven, respective lenity, and fire-eyed fury be my conduct now! showing that he is going to avenge Mercutios death. This is the moment in the play where everything falls apart. .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 , .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .postImageUrl , .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 , .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:hover , .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:visited , .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:active { border:0!important; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:active , .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24 .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u072e2f8bc81cccad3a86edae5b9cbf24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Commentary - Shakespeare Hamlet EssayIn the Prologue three keys phrases standout and show us that Romeo and Juliet are fated to love and fated to die. They are, fatal loins, star-crossed lovers, and death marked love, which show that no matter what Romeo and Juliet do there fate is already decided and they cannot change the future. In the other acts, we have the repetition of the word star in the line, my mind misgives some consequence yet hanging in the stars show that Romeo has a sense of foreboding and that all is not going to be right. When Juliet first realises who Romeo is she says, my grave is like to be my wedding bed, and my only love sprung from my only hate, sho wing that she is astonished that she fell in love with her familys mortal enemy, she knows all will not go well in there relationship because her parents will not let her marry him because of the ancient feud between the families. When Romeo kills Tybalt he says, Oh I am fortunes fool, showing it is inevitable that he kills him and the Gods have cursed him. It is Tybalts absolute determination to fight with Romeo when he comes to the Capulets party, which inevitably decides the two lovers fate. What is extremely weird about this play is that we are told what will happen before the play begins and yet all throughout the play we are hooked, because we want to know how what happens, happens. There is a contrast in tone from the beginning of Act 1 sc I to the end of Act 1 sc I. At the beginning we have Sampson and Gregory being crude and vulgar and at the end we have Romeo and Benvolio talking about Romeos love for Rosaline. There is also the matter of the Public conflict of the families and the Private conflict of Romeo. We see the echo of Act 1 sc I to Act 3 sc I which is a theme in five act plays- the twist is always in the third act. Apart from the issue of love and lovesickness, this play is very irrelevant to 21st century life. For instance Juliet relies heavily on her parents, and she has to have parental consent for everything, whereas in this day and age if we loved someone and our parents dont approve, it doesnt matter because there is always a way for people to be together.

The 14 College Interview Questions You Must Prepare For

The 14 College Interview Questions You Must Prepare For SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The college interview process can be nerve-racking. This interview gives the college you're applying to another opportunity to evaluate you and help determine whether or not to offer you admission. However, your college interviews won't be nearly as scary if you know what to expect. In this article, I give you the 14 college interview questions you absolutely must prepare for. I explain why you're being asked these questions and how to provide greatanswers. Furthermore, I offer advice onhow to prepare for your interviews so that when the time comes, you'll be ready to ace them. A Short Introduction to College Interviews A college interview provides a college with an opportunity to give you more information about the school and answer any questions. In addition, the interview gives the college a chanceto learn more about you, your interests, and how you’ll be able to contribute to the school. Very few colleges require interviews, although a fair number offer optional or recommended ones. These are typically highly selective or small private colleges, such asColumbia, Occidental, and Bates.Most large public universities don’t even offer interviews because there are simply too many applicants. Check a college’s website or contact its admissions office to determine whether interviews are offered and how to schedule one.Interviews can be on-campus, usually with an admissions representative, or off-campus near where you live, usually with an alumnus of the college. If you have the option of getting interviewed, do it.It’s to your benefit to take advantage of an opportunity to interview because it shows the school that you’re genuinely interested in attending. And demonstrating interest can greatly help your chances of admission. Finally, the interview gives the school another chance to get to know you outside of what’s in your application. Try not to stress about the interview too much, though. As long as you’re polite, attentive, and prepared, it should only help your chances of getting accepted. The interview will also give you an opportunity to learn more about the school,and help you decidewhether or not it might be a good fit for you. souvenirsofcanada/Flickr Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The 14 Most Common College Interview Questions The questions I’m listing and explaining were either referenced inmultiple admissions websites andinterview advice guides, or are general enough that you’ll be able to answer a number of similarquestions by preparing for them. Below, I provide you with eachquestion. I then explain why colleges are asking it, what they're looking for in a response, and how you can prepare for the question ahead of time. Question 1: Tell Me About Yourself This isn’t even actually a question, but it’s something you might be asked to do in an interview. Because it’s so general, you might have trouble figuring out where to begin. Why they're asking this: Colleges are asking you to do this because they really do want to know more about you. That's one of the primary purposes of the interview, after all! What they're looking for:You need to paint a unique portrait of who you are to separate yourself from other applicants. Avoidclichà ©sor descriptions that would be too common. For example, don’t just say you’re hardworking- explain what has driven you to become as diligent as you are and why you feel it is important. How to prepare:Rehearse answering this question. Try talking about your passions, hobbies, and interests. You can discuss what inspires you or what your friends like about you. Be specific. Again, you want to make yourself memorable. Question 2:Why Are You Interested In This College? Why they're asking this:This is an important question and one you should definitely prepare for, since colleges want to see that you’re taking the application process seriously and have a legitimate interest in attending the school. What they're looking for:Talk about your interest in a major or academic program, the cultural values of the school, or extracurricular activities that drew you to the college. Again, be thorough and specific.Don’t talk about prestige or rankings, and don't say you just want to go there because it’s close to home; none of this shows genuine interest in this specific college! How to prepare:To answer this question well, you'll need toconduct extensive college research before the interview.You should be able to cite specifics when answering this question. Follow the same advice as if you were writing the answer to this question for your application essay. Bart Everson/Flickr Question 3:Why Do You Want to Major in _____? If you've indicated that you want to major in a certain subject, you might be asked why you’re interested in that particular field. Why they're asking this:Colleges are interested in your academic goals and want to see that you’re academically inclined. What they're looking for:Talk about why a certain subject inspires you or why you're passionate about it. Don’t say that you’re pursuing a certain major to make a lot of money or have job security.That doesn’t demonstrate genuine academic interest; it just makes you seem shallow. How to prepare: Think deeply about why you want to pursue a specific major.Why do you find it fascinating? What experiences provoked your interest in the subject? How will the major enable you to reach your future professional goals? Question 4: What Are YourAcademic Strengths? Why they're asking this:In an effort to get to know you as a student, colleges are interested in getting your perspective on where you excel academically. What they're looking for:Don’t make this answer too short. Don’t just say, "I’m good at science." When discussing your academic strengths, explain how you’ve capitalized on your strengths.If you’re an excellent writer, for example, how have you used your writing skills to excel in school? How do you plan on continuing to use your strengths? How to prepare:Make sure you know your academic strengths. You should be able to explain how you recognized your strengths, how you're currently using them, and how you plan to use them in the future. Question 5:What Are Your Academic Weaknesses? How Have You Addressed Them? Whythey're asking this:Colleges want to admit good students, but they’re aware everyone has strengths and weaknesses. Colleges want to see that you have the persistence and work ethic to succeed despite your challenges. What they're looking for: Schools want students who can demonstrate theirability to confront and overcome challenges.Try revealing strategies or specific approaches you’ve taken to improve your academic weaknesses. You could also tell a specific story about how you managed to do well in a subject that was especially difficult for you. How to prepare: Be aware of your academic weaknesses and how you've addressed them. It's not good to say that you don't have any weaknesses. That's not very believable, and you'll come off as arrogant. Question 6:What Do You Plan to Contribute to This School? Why they're asking this:Colleges want to admit students who will make positive contributions to campus and academic life. Essentially, they’re looking for students who will make the school better. What they're looking for: In short, specifics.Don’t limit your answer to vaguepositive traits. Don’t just say you’ll contribute a good work ethic and a regard for others.Is there specific research you wish to pursue? Do you want to have a leadership position in an extracurricular activity? Are there specific community service projects you want to do?How will your presence on campus and in the classroom make a difference? How to prepare: Know the specific contributions you want to make to the school. Identify your college goals as well as the activities you want to pursue while you're in college. Question 7:What Do You Expect to Be Doing 10 Years From Now? Why they're asking this: Just to set the record straight, you don’t need to have your entire future figured out. Colleges understand that you probably won’t have everything decided and your plans are likely to change. What they do want isstudents with direction. What they're looking for: Collegeswant students who are motivated to achieve their goals.The bad, general answer is to only say you expect to have a fulfilling career and be making a positive impact on the world.What are some specific activities you’d like to do? How do you plan on impacting the world?You don’t have to limit your plans to professional goals. Do you want to take your mom on a vacation? Or have weekly gatherings with your best friends from high school? How to prepare: You can write down some detailed notes answering this question.Paint a picture of the life you want to have in 10 years. That picture should reveal your uniqueness. Question 8:What Would You Change About Your High School? Why they're asking this:With this question, colleges are looking for your ability to identify problems and get a better understanding of what you’re looking for in a school. By learning what you’d change, they get a chance to learn more about what matters to you. What they're looking for: Colleges want a thoughtful response. Be specific and respectful. Don’t say, "I’d get better teachers." Say that you’d allocate more resources to the music department so that more students can have the opportunity to learn how to play new instruments. Discuss how learning an instrument helped you, and describe the current state of the music department.Try to make it clear that you want to improve your school to benefit the personal and academic growth of allof its students. How to prepare: Think about the strengths and weaknesses of your high school. What are some specific problems it has? What are the consequences of those problems? What steps would you take to make improvements? Shouldn't other kids have the opportunity to rock out like this? (Joe Lewis/Flickr) Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Question 9:Whom Do You Most Admire? Why they're asking this:From this question, colleges can get a sense of your values.If the person you most admire is Justin Bieber, for example, colleges might wonder about your priorities. What they're looking for:Don’t limit your answer just to naming the person. Why do you admire that person?For instance, many people say that the person they most admire is a parent. But what specifically has that parent done that you admire so much? In short, don’t forget the details. How to prepare: Think deeply about your response to this question. If the person you admire is somebody you know, practice by giving your answer to that person. You'll know you've answered the question well if you're rewarded with a hug or even a few tears from your audience. Question 10:What Is Your Favorite Book? Why they're asking this:This question is designed to help schools learn more about your interests. Colleges also probably want to make surethat you actually read books. What they're looking for:Don't limityour answer to the name of abook; think about why you like the book so much. How did it inspire you? Did a particular character resonate with you? Did you learn something from this book that influenced your opinions or behavior? Did this book help shape your perspective or values? How to prepare:Really think about books you've read that you connected with and why. I've also seen similar questions asking about a news article you recently read, so try to stay up to date with the news, too! Question 11:Why Do You Want to Go to College? Why they're asking this:For this question, schools are trying to understand why you’re motivated to pursue higher education. What they're looking for: Collegeswant to see you have clear goals you’re trying to accomplish by attending college.Obviously, they don’t want to hear that you want to go to college because your parents are making you or so you can attend wild parties. In your answer, emphasize how college will allow you to pursue your passions, aid in your personal development, and enable you to fulfill your future goals.Be specific. What are your passions and goals? How will college give you an opportunity to pursue these passions? What college activities will increase your awareness and facilitate your intellectual and emotional growth? How to prepare:For ideas, check out the pros in my article aboutif you should go to college. Steven Depolo/Flickr Question 12:What Do You Like to Do for Fun? Why they're asking this:This question is designed to get a better sense of your general interests and overall personality. What they're looking for:Your answer doesn’t only have to include activities that are academic. After all, you probably wouldn’t be believed if you said all you do for fun is read science textbooks and do math problems. If some of what you do for fun is intellectual, though, explain why you find these activities fun. Finally,try to avoid general answers such as "hang out with friends." How to prepare:You shouldn't have to prepare much for this question since I assume you already know what you like to do for fun. However, spend some time thinking about why you enjoy these activities. Question 13:What Is an Obstacle You've Faced and How Did You Get Through It? Why they're asking this:Colleges want to know if you've faced (and overcome) any significant challenges in your life. They also want to see that you’re persistent and willing to work hard in order to overcome these obstacles. What they're looking for:It’s fine if you haven’t had some awful, incredibly difficult obstacle in your life. Think of a time when you faced a problem that challenged you, and you put ina lot of effort to solve it.Your obstacle could be related to your home life, school, or an extracurricular activity. In your response, explain how the obstacle challenged you and emphasize what exactly you did to overcome it. How to prepare: Think of a significant challenge you've had in your life and how you dealt with it. What did you learn from the problem? How did you solve it? Did it change or influence the way you address similar problems? Question 14:What Makes You Unique? Why they're asking this:This question is essentially what all the other questions above are meant to determine. It's another general question that's often difficult to answer. We are all unique, but it can be hard to put into words exactly what separates you from other people. What they're looking for: Schools ask this question because theywant to get to know you better. You can discuss a trait or multiple traits you possess. Give examples and stories that demonstrate these qualities.Do you have any uncommon interests or goals? Is your background very unique? How to prepare:I recommend doing some serious brainstorming to address this question. Write out specific attributes and anecdotes you can share that demonstrate your uniqueness. When do you feel most comfortable? What makes you the proudest? What makes you special? How to Prepare for College InterviewQuestions For each of these questions, I recommend jotting down some notes so that you can remember key points or details.Don’t try to completely write out your answers and memorize them. The way you speak in an interview is supposed to appear conversational and not rehearsed. Also, if you try to memorize your answers and forget your script during the interview, you’ll end up looking confused and unsure of yourself. Practice your responses by having somebody ask you these questions and then answering them as if you were actually in the interview.Remember that you want to be as specific and detailed as possible.Learn to separate yourself from all the other applicants being interviewed. For some of these questions, it'll be helpful to review your personal statement.Your personal statement likely has some details or stories you can incorporate intosome of your answers. How Do You Answer Questions You Didn't Prepare For? Undoubtedly, the questions abovearen’t the only possible interview questions. Regardless of how much you prepare, you’ll almost definitely be asked a question you weren’t expecting. There’s no need to be too nervous, though. Just try to give honest, detailed answers. As long as you’re thoughtful and professional, you shouldn't worry too much about surprise questions. Also, you might be able to incorporate some details from the other questions you prepared for in your responses.For example, for any question related to academics, you could probably include details from your response to the question, "What are your academic strengths?" If you want to get more comfortable with the interview process, have a friend or parent ask you questions about yourself, and respond as if you were in the interview. This is an excellent way to prepare you for the real deal and will give you more confidence. What's Next? Still feeling nervous? Check out our guide tothe best tools to help you prepare for your interview, so you can feel confident going in. College interviews also giveyouthe opportunity to ask questions. Make sure you ask the right questions during your interview. If your goal is to get into one of the most selective colleges, check out our popular post on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League. As you navigate the college selection process, it's important to knowhow to choose a college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Current Event Article 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Event Article 5 - Essay Example The article has rather taken a variable approach to find out the perception of subjects regarding corporate finance. The findings of the research show that the board size, family influence and small business growth etc. are some of the factors that have high impact on the small sized business in India (Gill, Biger2 and Mand). The authors have contributed in the existing literature of corporate finance. It should be noted that the literature regarding the corporate finance in Indian business cases have been limited. This research has taken a very systematic yet descriptive approach towards finding out the hypothesis. This research can be employed by companies of smaller board sizes that are trying to saturate their product in markets where extreme competition is being noted. The material has been backed up by relevant sources and peer reviewed journals. The facts and figures have been provided for the readers in a simplistic language. General readers can also be interested in the conclusion make by the

Marketing and business operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing and business operations - Essay Example It will offer the best prepared coffee on train as passengers enjoy while they await arrival to their various destinations. We will be of great help to our customers by providing them with a relief after a great day of work through great ambience, friendly to use services, convenient locations and providing constant high quality of coffee. Costa cafà © will invest back their profits to maximize customer satisfaction and also providing steady returns to share holders. The Costa cafà © will operate in almost all the trains leaving and coming into town. They will be placed in a reachable distance from where passengers are sited on the train. The project has the sum of $140,000 as a start up funds. It will be designed to attract visually the customers and designed for efficient, fast and smooth operations. There will be employee training to ensure that there are good services techniques to the customers. The project has long term strategies to ensure that they build a solid base and maintain customer loyalty. The Coffee machines will be place at the rare end of each compartment in the train where there is plenty of space. The machine will be designed to fit and occupy a smaller portion of the train. Engineers will be hired to draw up the structure and find the necessary equipment to have the machine operational. There will be on train managers for the cafà ©; they will be responsible for quality in the train. They will also provide assistance to the customers where need be. After some rounds of the train on the way there will be workers who will be responsible for the maintenance of these machines, it will be done on a regular basis. According to (Ahire, 1997), quality and management has developed into an established definition and conceptual foundation. The same way Costa Cafà © is aiming at improving the quality of services rendered to the clients. Increasingly, most of the organizations are recognizing the need for quality

Facilities and Maintenance Systems for Hospitality Research Paper

Facilities and Maintenance Systems for Hospitality - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the maintenance staff must be equipped with data and integrated voice, mobile devices in order for them to be always within reach and easily available.   It also enables the hotel managers to have visibility into and monitor the progress of duties and work orders. Push-to-talk can be used when instant attention is needed or text messaging. Mobile computers are also effective during processing of work orders and generating automatic audit trails. However, most hotel owners and managers have some weaknesses when it comes hotel designing. They don’t put into consideration the importance of attractive hotel design. Failure to ensure attractive hotel design results in small customer population thus less revenue. There is also need to carry out some maintenance test to ensure quality services. The success of all leading resorts and hotels depends on the quality of services that are offered to the customers. By storing all the building s, rooms, equipment, and floors in a management solution asset, it is possible to track the management and maintenance of everything. The report of the cost will provide the managers with the costs of maintenance at any organizational level. The hotel managers can also set up preventive maintenance approaches for generators and HVAC units to avert failures. Eventually, the management maintenance system can be used to reduce costs, track maintenance, and ensure a quality service to the customers. In addition, using maintenance system can help a hotel or resort management to track management cost, extend the life of assets, provide high-quality services to customers, maintain efficiently and a clean environment. Additionally, facility maintenance system helps in improving labor productivity, reducing costly downtimes, minimizing investment and maintenance costs. Just like a person meets another person for the first day, it takes customers and travelers approximately 60 seconds to lear n and gain the attraction of a resort or hotel. Travelers and customers start by examining the parking area, dà ©cor, signage, the carpet, or the smell of the environment.

Social Issues And Public Policy Topics Politics Essay

Social Issues And Public Policy Topics Politics Essay Social issues and public policy topics were, traditionally, managed by states through a central regulatory agenda consisting of bureaucracies and governmental domestic legislation. However, this setting-standards approach has presented some deficiencies which, from 1980s on, led to a research towards the development of new policy rationale. Among those who underlined and examined the shift away from the state as the sole actor in political and economical decisions is Martin Janiche in his book State Failure, The Impotence of politics in Industrial Society. The given book reflects the highly discussed topic of the relationship between state and market. In specific, it deals with the failure of politics, as far as decision making is concerned, to take and implement decisions that run counter to the prevailing trend(M. Janiche, 1990: x). During the 1980s the policies of industrialized states shifted towards a non-governmental regulation of the economy. State centered management of economy was gradually replaced by the privatization of the production of public goods and services as well as the deregulation of price controls and entry restrictions. Thus, international bodies and international organizations as well as private actors assumed a different, far more influent role in the new modes of decision making. This gradual mutation led to state failure and to a kind of a need to redefine states responsibilities towards more direction and organization policies rather than preventive measures.( ). Janicke refers to state failure providing useful explanation of the term through a lucid formation of a theory which links to market failure (32). Afterwards, he focuses on puclic health sector, the protection of the environment and the transport and energy policy in order to provide more concrete examples of the domains that the state fails to prove effectiveness. His argumentation proceeds with state failure as state indebtedness and its causes since 1970 (78). A critical question presented in this chapter is whether or not the welfare state costs too much (Ch.7). Then, the author devotes two chapters of his book in order to identify two processes that cause state failure. That is the superindustrialism as a phenomenon of capitalism appeared after the post-war boom and the tank syndrome which as a term (to be analyzed below) refers to states and politics losing their ability to regulate. He also makes remarks about the state failure within a scientific socialism framework, that is state failure from a socialist perspective derived from the Soviet-type communist countries of Eastern Europe. Last but not least, the author chose to conclude his work referring to political science as methodological analysis. This final chapter actually mirrors his choice for a realistic analysis of problem-oriented political science referring at the same time to key concepts particularly used throughout the book such as, agents, the concept of power, interests as motives for decision, the correlation between crises and development and the concept of strategy as calculated decisions. We shall now proceed in some key concepts presented by the author in the book that practically reflect the essence of Janickes work. The principal notion that consists a key element in understanding the authors points is the power accumulation process.This notion is directly linked to crises generation. The impotence of politics in times of crisis has as an outcome the insecurity of power and, thus, desmlantilng power potentially can have a positive outcome (131). The author distinguishes 5 ways of dismantling power; By decentralization, by countervailing power from above, from below, from outside and from within (131). If any fruitful result could occur then it would happen within the power from within framework, in more simple words citizens are those who can intervene against the state failure and the market pressure. In this sense, the book provides some revolutionary implications that can lead to political reform movements in a universal scale. However, this suggestion rests upo n the reader to elaborate, confirm or reject. The use of the term power is omnipresent as it is directly or indirectly connected to governments, politics and states. However, power also has to do with other sectors such as bureaucracy, industry, the media and the industrial organization. As the roots of the problem are located in the industrial structure it would be a vacuum not to refer to the role of the state in the industrial system. Indeed, the author devotes a whole chapter (the first one) in order to give a definition of the industrial system and the state as well as to examine the power relations that lie in both of them. Both terms of evonomic and political state failure provide a practical beginning of the text as the reader has the opportunity to familiarize with terms that will be widely used. Economic state failure equals the failure of the state to supply a country with public goods that are too higly priced and too low in quality (1). Political state failure means a chronic inability to take decisions widely agreed to be necessary (1). The problem actually starts when politicians fail to fulfill their duty and to serve the cause for which they were elected in the first place. So, state failure derives, in a primal level, from within the same structure of a state and its representatives. However, the problem is far more complex for the author to rest only upon that. He goes further with his argumentation including industrialization and bureaucratization as processes of power accumulation that, in a distorted way, evolved from being indices of social progress to generating a list of problems that affect the social well being and the advancement of society. Bureaucracy and industry are correlated as the first one is pervading in politics and the second one in economy. The bureaucratization problem has to do with the sizes of administrations and the controllability of state machineries. The important question posed here is to what extent are bureaucracies capable to correspond efficiently to problems. Clearly, the beaurocratic centralization has failed to provide for viable social solutions and that is why the author suggests a drift towards more decentralized solutions for problems. Trying to provide a functional, multi-leveled, definition of the state, Janiche distinguishes four functions; the regulatory, the legitimation, the infrastructure and the nuisance abatement function. The regulatory function is connected to the economic agents and the increasing demand for regulation by the state which, if not achieved, will lead to the unpredictability of the economic activity (8). The legitimation function concerns the decision-makers and their responsibility to make accurate decisions and avoid the failure of bureaucracy. Both the infrastructure and the nuisance abatement function have to do with two of the most fundamental economic functions of the state linked to economic growth (9). After having determined the fundamental functions of the state the author demonstrates their non-applicability via the state failure theory. In a nutshell, the state failure theory emphasizes in states reduced regulation capacity. According to Janicke, states have a small capacity for political intervention and they are functionally ineffective and economically inefficient in settling domestic problems. The theory of state failure is closely related to the theory of market failure as the first came as a response of the latter (31). A very thorough argumentation proves he interconnection and the interaction of those two theories. Indeed, the state failure theory was a response to the market failure theory which was based on the incapacity of market to satisfy certain types of demands that state, on the other hand, would be the most appropriate to correspond( for example the demands for law and education). Therefore, when the state needs to intervene and correct market failure but fail s in doing so, we have a clear image of how the theory works. Janicke makes a considerable remark about bureaucracy. He argues that the proliferating bureaucracy is only a side-effect of the non-effectiveness of a state a not the cause. One of the causes lies, as mentioned above, in market economy. This is the first paradox in the theory of state failure. Overall there are five paradoxes. In the second one he claims that even though state fails in many tasks it still remains an economic actor since it manages to receive incomes-though short-term- in problematic areas of industrial society (35). The third paradox that state failure generates is the claim that the more money spent on fixing problems caused by the industrial sector the less the interest in taking preventing action before the problem emerges (35). The fourth one is connected to the previous paradox. That is, the less preventive action by the state equals more expensive activity for resolving the problem, so the need for more taxes is increased. The last paradox is the antithesis be tween quantity and quality in the state. Huge budgets dont necessarily mean political power. Even though the reasoning is logically acceptable, some examples would have made his theory more accurate. He only provides an example of the last paradox using the case of criminality and state expenses in Western Germany from 1965 to 1985 (35). Janiche makes a useful comparative public policy contribution by applying the previous ideas in the areas of public health, environmental protection, transport, energy and economic policies and tax expenditures. In view of the fact that the basic incapability of the society to follow a humane industrial development is not a technical difficulty but a problem of power, the author suggests the elimination of the monopoly of power of industrial production through the reinforcement of powers of other groups and institutions that could potentially have balance effects . Among actions in favour of counterbalancing powers is the expansion of political responsibility to institutions that better represent more generalized interests, not just producers, and decentralization to local units of government within a more effective central or federal coordination. Janicke considers citizens capable of exploiting economic and environmental crises as opportunities to build these countervailing powers in society (134). The author mentions two major processes working in different directions that result in state failure. The first one is superindustrialism and the second is the tank syndrome. Superindustrialism is a phenomenon of the post war boom. The excessive level of industrialization increased the demand for state regulation. On the other hand, the tank syndrome has to do with a late reaction of the hierarchized state centres that because of their rigid power structures failed to respond to crises arisen on time and efficiently (111). This book review will be concluded after mentioning two points; the application of state failure theory in scientific socialism and the political science as a realistic analysis. Janicke throughout his book has used a western framework to locate his argumentation. He particularly used examples of Western Germany (and Japan as well) to illustrate state failure. In the penultimate chapter he changes the reasearh framework by introducing the communist variant. Eastern Europe consists an extreme example of the consequences brought by industrialism but the author is fully aware of this case. He underlines the difference between the western and eastern states cases arguing that in the latter bureaucracy was before industry and sometimes it was bureaucracy that generated industry (129). Last but not least, the author makes his methodological choice clear. After referring to the difficulties that political science faces because of the abstractness of its subject matter (137) and the distinction between the realistic and the idealistic approach, he brings upon the subject of realistic analysis. He used this method to locate the problem of politics in industrial society. He took a wide and comparative approach in order to examine the regulatory governmental failure. However, some key points still remain confusing for the reader. It would be very interesting if the author could provide some answers on the actual way crises can be utilized politically in order for rigid centralized power to be surmounted. He could also use some extra empirical data that could enforce his theories and leave the reader totally convinced. The mqjor contribution of the book reviewed above State Failure, The Impotence of politics in Industrial Society in the state theories field lies in its proposed solution. The solution to the economic standstill lies upon the redefinition of power relationships rather than a technical approach. This book can have a critical value for those interested in a variety of fields, from comparative public policy to comparative political economy and environmental policy.

College Athletics :: essays research papers fc

A Scientific Report On Whether Athletics Should Be Instated At Basten College An intercollegiate athletics program at Basten College would provide many positives for the college. We would like to focus on the benefits to the majority of your students which would be spectators and athletes. These include health benefits, social benefits, and the effects on politics and race. We would also like to address the problems associated with sports. After our presentation we hope you will be confident in the positive effects an intercollegiate program will have on your institute. There are obvious benefits to being an athlete, specifically those related to one’s health. Everybody should exercise at least three times a week in order to establish a healthy way of life. When one is part of a team, they are able to develop certain social skills that can benefit them throughout life. Also, participating in a sport can increase one’s level of self-esteem. â€Å"In selected patients with major depression, aerobic training can produce a substantial improvement in symptoms in a short time,† (Dimeo et. al., 5) However, as important as all that is, the majority of the population at Basten College will probably not be varsity athletes. The majority will be spectators and fans. There are three main benefits to being a spectator. The first is the effects on academics. According to Karla Henderson watching sports or athletic events increases endorphin release in the brain, resulting in a higher aptitude and concentration level. So students have the abil ity to focus longer and retain more information while studying or attending class. The second reason deals with female’s personal identity. According to Linda Marsa, â€Å"Participation in sports pays big dividends physically, psychologically, and emotionally. Extensive research shows that girls who are involved in athletics boost their self esteem; improve their physical fitness; do better academically; are less likely to drop out of school, do drugs, smoke or get pregnant; and are more able to weather the physical and emotional storms of adolescence.† The third reason is that it has been found that people who continually participate and associate with athletics, begin to relate facts and literature to sports, enabling them to commit the knowledge to long-term memory better. For example, let’s say Jon Doe loves baseball, specifically the New York Yankees. He watches his favorite team at every leisurely moment he can. At the same time, at his college, the Univer sity of Basten, he is having trouble in his statistics class.